Orchard Network

Extensively managed traditional orchards are less likely to suffer from significant pest and disease infestations or nutrient deficiencies than commercial bush orchards. However, problems can still occur.

Weed competition

Competition for water and nutrients can severely affect trees, particularly when young. Keep the area around the base of a new tree weed free for at least three years after planting, preferably by mulching. Clear weeds, particularly brambles and scrub around mature trees, if necessary and control re-growth by mowing or livestock grazing.

Nutrient deficiencies

These will not usually be a problem in a traditional orchard, particularly if fruit production is not the sole aim. Suspected deficiencies can be determined through soil analysis.

Fertilisers

Generally these should not be used unless there is an identified need. This is because they reduce the species diversity of grassland and may harm trees in the long run by causing them to abandon their mycorrhizal associations. If used, fertilisers are best applied only around the base of young trees and below the canopy and drip line of older trees, leaving the bulk of the sward unfertilised. Well-rotted farmyard manure is preferable to inorganic fertilisers as it releases nutrients slowly and increases the soil's organic content. Liming can damage the mycorrhizae/tree relationship and should be avoided.

Fruit trees and mycorrhizae

A tree's root system develops associations with fungi called mycorrhizae. These beneficial fungi colonise the roots and extend into the surrounding soil, extracting and making nutrients and water available at times of stress as well as acting as natural barriers to root pathogens.

Pests and diseases

Fruit trees may be affected by various pests and diseases which reduce fruit yield, damage and even kill the tree. Regular inspections are important. Most common fruit tree diseases can be controlled effectively by removing affected branches and leaves at the first signs of infection. Remove and burn all infected material. Most pests will be controlled by predators before they reach unacceptable levels. Creating good site conditions is important: well spaced trees, pruned to allow in air and light, are less likely to suffer from disease and infection. Reduce potential problems by planting varieties adapted to local conditions or naturally pest and disease resistant.

Dowloads

Tree Health PDF - download  the full guide

Links

Biodiversity News - article on how grazing can be beneficial for disease and pest control. Scroll to page 8.

Biodiversity News - article on the apple rust mite. Scroll to page 13.

Centre for Intergrated Agricultural Systems - research on benefical insects in American apple orchards